Azelaic acid’s journey started in the mid-20th century, when chemists focused on breaking down fatty acids and discovered this dicarboxylic acid through the ozonolysis of oleic acid. Early medical literature in the 1970s began to note azelaic acid’s value for skin conditions. Dermatologists in Europe led the first clinical assessments, noticing that it curbed acne symptoms without causing the irritation that came from previously used topical agents. By the early 1980s, regulatory bodies in both Europe and the United States recognized its dermatological benefits. Patent literature revealed chemical companies ramping up industrial production, turning what began as a lab curiosity into a commercial ingredient across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial spheres. Researchers saw potential, pharmaceutical firms noticed patient demand, and cosmetic brands eyed its promise for tolerable, gentle exfoliation.
Azelaic acid sits as a saturated dicarboxylic acid, appearing as a white, crystalline solid in its pure form. It dissolves with some effort in water but breaks down easily in hot alcohol or acetone. Companies supply it under several grades, from technical to pharmaceutical purity. Well-known trade names include Finacea and Skinoren for medical uses; on the industrial side, it turns up in plastics, polymers, and lubricants. Manufacturers list azelaic acid on packaging as Hexanedioic acid, nonanedioic acid, and Nonylic acid. Outside dermatology, it emerges as a curing agent or intermediate for specialty nylons and plasticizers.
Azelaic acid presents itself as a white powder, with a melting point of about 106-109°C. Its molecular formula is C9H16O4. Its odor is often slight or undetectable, making it easy to formulate for topical products. This acid has a moderate solubility in water (about 2 g/L at room temperature), a quality that shapes how easily it delivers active benefits through the skin. Chemists take advantage of its stability under room temperatures; the compound resists oxidation and does not decompose easily unless exposed to high temperatures or strong acids. It offers a pKa value near 4.55 (first dissociation), which gives it modest acidity. Unlike volatile organics, it does not evaporate into the air, making it relatively safe for both workers in industry and people applying medical creams.
Azelaic acid for medical and cosmetic use must meet tight rules: purity levels above 99%, minimal level of heavy metals, no hazardous residues from synthesis. Pharmacopoeias set these limits through monographs. Labels for consumer products in the US and EU must print the INCI name and concentrations clearly—most spot treatments contain between 10% and 20%. In an industrial context, suppliers provide technical data sheets listing melting point, pH in solution, particle size, and more. For international shipping, containers bear proper hazard symbols, batch numbers for traceability, and safety handling guidelines. This labeling not only satisfies regulatory demand but gives downstream users information for safe use and appropriate application.
Industry usually starts the synthesis of azelaic acid from oleic acid, an abundant fatty acid in vegetable oils. Ozonolysis splits the double bond in oleic acid, producing a series of fragments including azelaic acid and pelargonic acid. Companies control this process using carefully measured ozone flow and temperature, with subsequent purification by crystallization or distillation. Some firms experiment with greener methods: one involves biotechnological approaches, using yeast or bacteria to oxidize naturally sourced substrates into azelaic acid, aiming to meet growing sustainability requirements. The quality of the end-product reflects the raw materials used and the precision in these processing steps.
Chemists in both industry and academia see azelaic acid as versatile. Both carboxyl groups at the ends act as entry points for esterification, amidation, or salt formation. In the lab, researchers make azelate esters—used for softening plastics—or turn it into azeloyl chloride, a reactive intermediate for specialty polymers. Catalyzed reactions allow coupling with alcohols to generate polyesters or lubricants. In the pharmaceutical sector, teams study derivatives and prodrugs to modify skin penetration or enhance pharmacologic effects. For those of us working on new materials or delivery systems, having a dicarboxylic acid so open to modification creates opportunities to tailor its properties.
Chemists, regulators, and manufacturers use many names for azelaic acid. You’ll find it called Hexanedioic acid, 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid, Nonyldioic acid, and Nonanedioic acid. Commercial labels depend on the region and its end use. Dermatology products most often use “azelaic acid” or “INN: Acidum azelaicum”. On technical data sheets in material science, the CAS number 123-99-9 shows up. Recognizing these synonyms makes life simpler for professionals who move between research, compliance, and commercial settings.
Workplaces that handle bulk azelaic acid rely on Safety Data Sheets that outline correct personal protective equipment: gloves, goggles, and dust masks in case of airborne particles. While this acid’s toxicity profile looks benign compared to stronger mineral acids, dust inhalation and skin contact can still irritate sensitive personnel. In cream or gel formulations for acne and rosacea, most people tolerate it, but occasional reports surface of stinging or mild redness, especially in patients with sensitive skin. Large manufacturers install dust control systems and spill containment procedures to prevent release inside production facilities. EU and US standards demand that employee exposure remains below occupational hazard limits, and regular auditing keeps these practices sharp.
Dermatology leads the pack for azelaic acid applications. Physicians rely on prescription creams to treat moderate acne and rosacea—studies suggest it works by killing acne-causing bacteria and reducing inflammation. Patients dealing with melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation see slower, but consistent, fading of dark spots over several weeks. Outside skin care, formulators add it to shampoo to address scalp irritation or dandruff. Material scientists find use for it in biodegradable plastics where its dicarboxylic structure imparts flexibility and strength. Lubricant manufacturers mix azelaic-based esters in synthetic greases for automotive and industrial machinery.
Academic labs keep digging into new therapeutic targets for azelaic acid. Current studies explore how its anti-inflammatory and anti-keratinizing properties might extend to rare dermatoses or to conditions beyond the skin, such as psoriasis or even hair loss disorders. In cosmetics, brands race to develop slow-release vesicles that maximize skin tolerance and absorption. Polymer researchers chase higher molecular weight polymers using azelaic diacid as a building block, aiming for new biodegradable packaging films or high-performance fibers. With every patent filing, interest grows from both startups and established brands eager to leverage its safety profile and multifaceted action.
Long-term studies in both humans and animals support the safety of topical azelaic acid at standard concentrations. Chronic use in humans produces few systemic side effects because skin absorbs little of the compound. High doses by ingestion can irritate the gut, but even then, major organ toxicity appears rare. Animal research has focused on mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; most results show no genotoxic or cancer-causing effects at or below industry-standard levels. Researchers keep testing metabolites to ensure that breakdown products do not cause harm, and regulatory agencies review these data every few years as new evidence comes to light.
Work continues to expand azelaic acid’s role in both medicine and material science. Novel delivery systems, including nanoemulsions and transdermal patches, look set to improve both speed and depth of action for people seeking quick relief from skin conditions. Material engineers see new potential for greener, bio-based plastics derived from azelaic acid. As environmental pressures force chemical companies to move beyond petroleum sources, fermentation and enzymatic synthesis gain attention, promising cleaner, lower-waste production routes. Consumer demand for gentle, effective skincare keeps this molecule high on the research agenda, as scientists seek to combine traditional knowledge with cutting-edge formulation technology.
Anyone who’s wrestled with stubborn skin breakouts or rough patches has probably heard about azelaic acid. Dermatologists reach for it because it isn’t just a trend — it’s a molecule that’s earned its keep in medical journals. My own struggle with persistent redness and acne during college brought me down a rabbit hole of creams and gels. When nothing else seems to quiet inflamed skin, this simple molecule with nine carbons and two carboxylic groups makes a big difference.
Azelaic acid pops up most often in treatments for acne and rosacea. The science backs this up: several studies report that a 15-20% cream can knock out both acne-causing bacteria and the clogged pores that foster breakouts. A review in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology spells out how it cuts down swelling and redness without blasting skin with harsh chemicals.
With so many choices lining store shelves, promises feel cheap. Unlike trendier ingredients, azelaic acid runs quiet but gets results. It targets both bacterial growth and overactive production of keratin (the protein that plugs pores). Those prone to irritation worry about stinging and peeling; this ingredient often feels gentle but still pulls its weight. My sister swapped out her retinoids for an azelaic acid cream, and watched her face change in just a few weeks — redness faded, bumps shrank, and she didn’t have to hide behind makeup.
When rosacea flares, skin stings, flushes, and breaks out in pimple-like bumps. Azelaic acid works here because it calms the skin’s over-the-top immune reaction and eases chronic redness. Dermatologists like this because it’s tough enough to clear up bumps but usually doesn’t add fuel to the fire through irritation.
This acid does more than clear up breakouts. People dealing with uneven skin tone, especially those with lingering marks from acne or sun, often turn to azelaic acid. It blocks an enzyme called tyrosinase, which plays a role in producing pigment. Using a cream regularly fades old dark marks and smooths out blotchy spots. Studies in Dermatology and Therapy highlight these pigment-fighting qualities. I’ve watched friends with darker skin tones who struggled for years with post-acne dark spots see meaningful changes without risking new irritation.
People with sensitive skin worry about flare-ups from new treatments. Azelaic acid generally slips into routines with few problems. Mild stinging, itching, or peeling can pop up in the early weeks, but these effects usually fade. It rarely causes allergic reactions, making it a go-to for many skin types, even pregnant patients. Still, nobody should ignore persistent irritation — it signals a need for adjustment or a talk with a dermatologist.
The skincare market churns out buzzwords and untested promises. Azelaic acid stands out because it has the data and decades of clinical use behind it. I’ve watched people swap complicated routines for one serum with this ingredient and actually see clear, lasting improvements. Simplicity carries weight, particularly for confused customers.
Affordable, available in both prescription strength and over-the-counter options, azelaic acid invites anyone with troubled skin to take a closer look. By sticking with ingredients supported by research and real-world results, we can trim the fat from bloated routines and see changes where it matters: in the mirror and in daily confidence.
Azelaic acid popped into my life after years of struggling with redness and breakouts. A dermatologist steered me toward it because it targets both acne and pigmentation. Unlike harsh retinoids or strong exfoliants, azelaic acid doesn’t sting or leave skin feeling raw. Despite being gentle, it packs a punch—treating stubborn pimples, evening out tone, and smoothing texture. More research keeps backing it up. Studies show azelaic acid calms inflammation and reduces the kind of bacteria that tend to trigger breakouts.
Start with a clean face. Dirt or leftover makeup blocks the active ingredients and causes more issues. Warm water and a mild cleanser get the job done without stripping your skin. After patting your face dry, wait a minute so your skin isn’t damp—this helps with even application and reduces any tingling.
Azelaic acid comes in different strengths, usually from 10% to 20%. If you’re new to it or prone to sensitivity, reach for the lower concentrations first. A pea-sized amount covers your whole face—no need to slather. Tap or spread a thin layer using your fingertips, focusing on spots where you see redness, uneven color, or consistent breakouts.
Don’t rush into everyday use. Every skin type adapts differently. I learned the hard way that jumping into twice-daily use led to irritation. Listen to your skin. Start with once every other day or a few times a week. As your skin settles, you can build up to daily use.
Give azelaic acid its own few minutes on your skin before layering anything else. This lets it work directly on the surface without barriers. I usually wait at least five minutes before adding a moisturizer. Many people with dry skin see the best results by sandwiching azelaic acid between layers of a gentle moisturizer. If your skin tends to flake, use richer creams and take it slow.
Be careful with strong exfoliants. Combining azelaic acid with acids like glycolic or retinoids all at once can push your skin over the edge. Dermatologists often recommend using actives on alternating days or at different times (like retinoids at night, azelaic acid in the morning).
Sun protection isn’t optional. Products that lighten pigmentation often make skin more reactive to the sun. Adding a broad-spectrum sunscreen every morning stops dark spots from coming back and shields the new, healthy skin. Even cloudy days call for sunscreen, especially if you’re working on fading old marks.
Some people mention mild tingling or stinging the first few times they try azelaic acid. Testing a bit near the jawline before applying over the whole face highlights how your skin might react. If any redness or burning shows up, cut back and use a thicker moisturizer as a buffer.
Consistency, not speed, brings results. Most users notice changes after a month or two. I stuck with it and found my skin smoother and less blotchy. For stubborn acne or rosacea, doctors sometimes prescribe stronger versions. A prescription formula brings higher concentrations, so always check in with a professional if you think you need more help.
Azelaic acid stands out because it fits into most routines and works for all skin tones. Whether treating persistent blemishes or calming irritation, it works quietly in the background—no drama, just clear, balanced skin. That makes it worth the effort to get the routine right.
Azelaic acid has found its way into bathroom cabinets everywhere. From dermatologists’ prescriptions to over-the-counter tubes lining pharmacy shelves, it helps take on acne, rosacea, and even stubborn hyperpigmentation. The science stands strong—this acid quiets down inflammation and battles the bacteria fueling breakouts. Plenty of studies have put it to the test, showing real improvements for both acne and rosacea over periods ranging from several weeks to months.
I remember hunting for gentler alternatives back when stubborn redness kept threatening to turn my cheeks into a target. Azelaic acid cream was what the dermatologist tapped as safe and “generally well-tolerated.” But I wasn’t alone in wondering: Can a gentle option still turn cranky on your skin?
Even with a top-notch safety record, reactions do happen. I noticed a stinging, prickly feeling on day two that faded after a week, and this lines up with what a lot of folks share online and in medical journals. The most common issues:
Rarely, some develop more severe reactions—swelling, hives, or trouble breathing. That crosses into the territory of an allergy. Medical help is non-negotiable in those cases.
A review in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology pooled people’s experiences across hundreds of cases. For most, side effects came in mild and didn’t stick around long, but up to 10% stopped using azelaic acid because of irritation. The patch-test approach is more than superstition; it has data behind it, lowering the odds of turning a new routine into a regret.
Skin type tells the story here. Those battling eczema, allergic histories, or ultra-sensitive skin likely spot the warning signs quicker. Mixing azelaic acid with other harsh products—retinoids, exfoliating toners, strong cleansers—makes trouble more likely. Overdoing it often lands people in hot water, so a pea-sized dab tends to work better than slathering on a thick layer.
There’s no one-size-fits-all answer, but safer use follows a few simple steps:
Pharmacies now fill shelves with formulas ranging from lightweight gels to creamy lotions, making it easier to match textures to skin needs. Some people get on well with prescription 15% versions, others fare better with 10% from store shelves. If anything feels off, listening to your skin’s “no thanks” saves bigger problems down the line.
Internet myths and influencer advice sometimes drown out medical voices. Dermatologists continue to rank azelaic acid as a safe and effective choice—if used thoughtfully and tweaked based on individual response. Reading ingredient lists and pausing at the first sign of discomfort brings better outcomes than pushing through pain.
Azelaic acid lands in that rare sweet spot in skincare: hard-working yet gentle. Dermatologists often recommend it for adult acne, rosacea, redness, or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. It fights bacteria, helps fade dark spots, and doesn’t leave skin feeling stripped or raw. My own experience with azelaic acid came during a phase when my face took every chance to break out, and it quickly taught me that effective ingredients can be surprisingly kind to sensitive skin.
People get nervous about cocktails of skincare ingredients, and for good reason. The wrong pairing can mean irritation, wasted money, or a sabotaged routine. Some actives clash and leave skin worse for wear, but azelaic acid shows up as a bit of a peacekeeper.
Dermatologists and credible research back up that azelaic acid generally coexists pretty well with the usual lineup: niacinamide, hyaluronic acid, salicylic acid, and retinoids. It’s rare to see strong reactions when layering it with these, which is more than I can say for many other treatments. Azelaic acid isn’t a heavy exfoliator like glycolic acid or lactic acid, so it doesn’t push skin to peel or flake when mixed with others, unless the rest of your routine is already too aggressive.
Vitamin C, or l-ascorbic acid serums, raise a lot of questions. It’s common to use both for pigment and overall clarity, but layering can sometimes sting, mainly because both lower the skin’s pH for better absorption. Space them out—vitamin C in the morning, azelaic acid at night—to keep things smooth and avoid needless irritation. Personal trial and error won here for me: stacking them in one go triggered stinging, splitting them up worked without any drama.
The bigger threat often comes from enthusiasm instead of ingredient clashes. With every popular TikTok routine promising a fix, doubling up on acids, retinoids, and scrubs leads to a compromised skin barrier. A red, tight, angry complexion follows. Having spoken with both folks new to skincare and seasoned professionals, I’ve noticed the stories stay the same—too many actives too fast wreck progress. Less truly is more.
If you’re new to azelaic acid or pairing it with another strong active, start them a few nights apart, test in small amounts, and lean on gentle moisturizers and sunscreen. This simple approach still stands out as the most sensible piece of advice I’ve heard from dermatologists and estheticians alike.
Experts like the American Academy of Dermatology and trusted skin specialists support layering azelaic acid with other ingredients, pointing to low rates of irritation and plenty of long-term safety data. Real people back it up, posting about clearer skin without downsides. Still, every face acts a little differently. Patch testing earned its reputation for a reason. Skincare should always remain flexible—keeping an eye on your skin’s reaction means no product gets a free pass simply because studies say it should be safe.
Mixing actives isn’t off-limits, but it rewards patience and honest observation. For most, azelaic acid plays well with others, sidestepping the fireworks set off by harsher acids or prescription-strength retinoids. Sticking to the basics—one new ingredient at a time, regular sunscreen, and simple hydration—keeps skin in check. Conversation and research matter, but paying close attention to what your own face tells you delivers results.
So many people expect new skincare products to deliver instant miracles, but skin doesn’t march to that kind of beat. Azelaic acid—used for treating acne, rosacea, and visible dark spots—asks for a bit of commitment. My own journey with it started out of frustration. After months of breakouts and leftovers scars, I wanted something with a real track record.
Azelaic acid isn't new. Dermatologists have prescribed it for decades. Medical studies support its use for acne, rosacea flares, and even for melasma—lighter patches of skin. It works by reducing inflammation, curbing bacterial growth, and stopping melanin production in overactive spots. These aren't overnight changes, though. Real, visible results take a few weeks to kick in, sometimes longer depending on what you’re treating.
Skin turns over roughly every 28 days, sometimes slower for older adults. During that period, damaged surface skin sheds and gives way to fresher layers beneath. Azelaic acid works with this cycle, targeting both the problem and the underlying triggers. In my experience, redness and active pimples began to fade noticeably after four weeks. For hyperpigmentation—those stubborn, dark leftovers—a difference showed closer to two months.
Some studies find that acne starts to settle within 4 to 8 weeks of consistent use. Spots caused by sun or hormonal changes might need 3 to 6 months. That lag isn’t due to weak treatment; it’s a sign that your skin needs time to heal and reorganize itself.
People ditch products too quickly. Maybe they see mild burning or tingling in the first few days. I remember slapping on azelaic acid before bed and waking up worried about a mild pink flush. Dermatologists told me it’s normal. Side effects rarely linger, and the irritation settles as skin gets used to the active.
Azelaic acid works for a lot of skin types without the dryness and peeling of stronger treatments like retinoids and benzoyl peroxide. Most people can layer it with moisturizers and sunscreen. Skipping sunscreen stalls results, especially for pigmentation, as the sun keeps triggering new spots. Without daily SPF, improvement plateaus—or reverses entirely.
Anyone hoping for results in a matter of days will feel let down. That mindset pushed me through a carousel of half-used bottles collecting dust on the shelf. Building a realistic timeline is key. Trusted dermatology resources recommend 4 to 8 weeks before reassessing if azelaic acid is working. Give pigmentation treatments up to 3 months. If results stay flat, it’s worth checking in with a doctor for personalized advice or combining treatments.
Support matters. Having a skincare partner—whether a dermatologist, aesthetician, or just a friend—keeps things on track. Social media buzz and miracle stories usually skip over the waiting game and ignore daily habits, like gentle cleansing, avoiding harsh scrubs, and sticking with the process. I found that taking photos each week helps track subtle changes that can otherwise go unnoticed.
Azelaic acid rewards patience. The science backs it up, and personal experience confirms it. Give it the time it needs, focus on consistency, and results follow—not instantly, but reliably.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | nonanedioic acid |
| Other names |
Azelaic acid
Nonanedioic acid 1,7-Heptanedicarboxylic acid Lepargylic acid |
| Pronunciation | /əˌziː.leɪ.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 123-99-9 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1730805 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:2266 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1127 |
| ChemSpider | 8653 |
| DrugBank | DB00548 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 02-211-782-211-73-0000 |
| EC Number | 204-669-1 |
| Gmelin Reference | 46612 |
| KEGG | C08261 |
| MeSH | D001364 |
| PubChem CID | 2266 |
| RTECS number | CH1600000 |
| UNII | V8FYM4YW8I |
| UN number | UN1989 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID2020597 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C9H16O4 |
| Molar mass | 188.22 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to almost white, crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.315 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | slightly soluble |
| log P | 1.7 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.55 |
| Basicity (pKb) | pKb: 11.25 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -10.53×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.503 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 4.48 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 148.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -1047.7 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -3735.1 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D10AX03 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Causes serious eye irritation; may cause skin irritation; harmful if inhaled; may cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H315, H319 |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | 131°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 185 °C |
| Explosive limits | Non-explosive |
| Lethal dose or concentration | Rat oral LD50: 5200 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) of Azelaic acid: "5200 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | B018 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | Azelaic acid 15%–20% cream or gel |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Pimelic acid
Suberic acid Sebacic acid Adipic acid Malonic acid |
